Silicon Solar Cells for Indoor Photovoltaic Applications

Abstract

The rapid adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, smart home appliances, and wireless electronics has created a growing demand for energy sources that can operate reliably and sustainably indoors. While traditional batteries provide a temporary solution, they are constrained by limited lifespans and the need for frequent maintenance or replacement. Indoor photovoltaics (IPVs), which convert artificial indoor lighting into electrical energy, have emerged as a compelling alternative. Among the materials explored for IPVs, silicon stands out due to its commercial maturity and excellent long-term stability. Although originally developed for outdoor use, silicon solar cells are now being adapted to function under low-intensity and narrow-spectrum indoor lighting. This review examines the performance, advantages, and challenges of silicon solar cells in indoor environments. It highlights recent innovations in materials and device architectures, explores real-world applications, and discusses future directions that can enhance efficiency and integration. Despite certain limitations such as spectral mismatch and form factor constraints, silicon remains a promising platform for enabling maintenance-free, sustainable energy harvesting in indoor settings.