Critical Success Factors in the Development of a Holistic Fire Safety Management Model and its Implementation Strategy in Public Hospitals

Faktor Kejayaan Kritikal dalam Pembangunan Model Pengurusan Keselamatan Kebakaran Holistik dan Strategi Pelaksanaannya di Hospital Awam

Abstract

Effective fire safety management in public hospitals protects patients, staff, and resources. Despite existing regulations, comprehensive systems are often lacking. This study highlights five critical factors for a holistic fire safety model: awareness and training, infrastructure and prevention systems, compliance with safety standards, technology integration, and management support. Infrastructure and prevention systems are most significant, emphasising the need for up-to-date fire suppression equipment and clear escape routes. Awareness and training are areas needing improvement, particularly in conducting frequent fire drills and enhancing staff preparedness. Compliance with safety standards in public hospitals improved from 60% in 2018 to 80% in 2023, but still falls short of the 83% international benchmark. Integrating smart technologies, such as IoT-based fire detection and AI-driven risk analysis, offers promising advancements for safety. Strong institutional commitment and embedding fire safety into hospital policy are also crucial for fostering a culture of preparedness. A multi-layered approach that combines regulations, ongoing training, and technological innovation is essential for resilient healthcare facilities. The study provides actionable insights for stakeholders aiming to enhance fire safety governance. It encourages further research comparing public and private hospitals and the long-term effects of smart fire safety solutions.

Pengurusan keselamatan kebakaran yang berkesan di hospital awam memainkan peranan penting dalam melindungi pesakit, kakitangan, dan sumber hospital. Walaupun peraturan sedia ada telah digariskan, pelaksanaan sistem yang menyeluruh masih belum memadai. Kajian ini menekankan lima faktor kritikal dalam membentuk model keselamatan kebakaran yang holistik: kesedaran dan latihan, infrastruktur dan sistem pencegahan, pematuhan terhadap piawaian keselamatan, integrasi teknologi, serta sokongan pengurusan. Infrastruktur dan sistem pencegahan dikenal pasti sebagai komponen paling signifikan, dengan keperluan terhadap kelengkapan pemadaman kebakaran terkini dan laluan keluar yang jelas. Aspek kesedaran dan latihan pula memerlukan penambahbaikan, khususnya melalui latihan kebakaran yang kerap dan peningkatan tahap kesiapsiagaan staf. Tahap pematuhan hospital awam terhadap piawaian keselamatan meningkat daripada 60% pada tahun 2018 kepada 80% pada 2023, namun masih belum mencapai penanda aras antarabangsa sebanyak 83%. Integrasi teknologi pintar seperti sistem pengesanan kebakaran berasaskan IoT dan analisis risiko berasaskan AI menawarkan potensi besar dalam meningkatkan tahap keselamatan. Komitmen institusi yang kukuh dan pengukuhan dasar keselamatan kebakaran dalam pentadbiran hospital turut memainkan peranan penting dalam membudayakan kesiapsiagaan. Pendekatan berlapis yang merangkumi pematuhan peraturan, latihan berterusan, dan inovasi teknologi adalah kunci kepada ketahanan fasiliti kesihatan. Kajian ini memberi panduan praktikal kepada pihak berkepentingan serta mencadangkan kajian lanjutan berkenaan perbandingan hospital awam dan swasta serta kesan jangka panjang penyelesaian keselamatan kebakaran pintar.