Impact of Floating Photovoltaic Shading on Light Penetration and Aquatic Primary Productivity

Shafidah Shafian; Suhaila Rusni

Authors

Shafidah Shafian Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7533-7148
Suhaila Rusni Institute of Planetary Survival for Sustainable Well-being (PLANETIIUM), International Islamic University Malaysia, 25100 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6684-8560

Keywords:

Floating Photovoltaics, Light Attenuation, Aquatic Primary Productivity, Freshwater Ecosystems, Ecological Impacts

Abstract

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are gaining global momentum as a space-efficient solution for renewable energy generation, particularly on inland freshwater bodies such as reservoirs, lakes, and ponds. While their engineering and energy performance have been well documented, their ecological impacts, particularly those related to underwater light dynamics remain insufficiently understood. This review examines one key mechanism: the attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by FPV systems and its consequences for aquatic primary productivity. By altering light availability, FPV arrays can suppress the growth of phytoplankton, submerged macrophytes, and benthic algae, with broader implications for oxygen levels, nutrient cycling, and food web structure. We present a conceptual framework that links FPV design and placement to physical light shading, biological responses, and potential system-wide effects. Drawing on evidence from modelling and field studies in reservoirs, natural lakes, and aquaculture ponds, we highlight how ecological outcomes depend on coverage extent, water clarity, and hydrodynamic conditions. While moderate shading may offer benefits in nutrient-rich waters, excessive coverage risks undermining key ecological functions. The review identifies critical knowledge gaps and offers design and policy recommendations to support ecologically informed FPV deployment that balances energy generation with freshwater ecosystem integrity.

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