Demographic Influences on Food Waste Reduction: A Review

Abstract

Food waste is a major global challenge, especially in regions where consumption habits create high levels of waste. This narrative review draws on international research to explore how demographic factors such as age, gender, education, income and household size affect consumer food waste reduction. Findings show that older adults and those with higher education are more likely to practise waste reduction, supported by stronger environmental awareness and better resource management. Gender effects vary across cultures such as some studies suggest women place more emphasis on minimising waste, though results are inconsistent. Wealthier and larger households tend to generate more waste, often due to bulk purchasing and fewer financial limits. Other factors, such as waste management systems and community initiatives, also shape consumer behaviour. The review identifies research gaps, particularly the need for long-term studies and broader cultural perspectives. It stresses the importance of tailored strategies that consider population diversity, storage limits and fast-paced lifestyles. These insights offer practical guidance for policymakers, planners and researchers seeking to encourage sustainable consumption and reduce food waste.