The Effectiveness of AI Chatbots as Learning Assistants in Universities: A Systematic Review

Nur Ashraf Mohklis Jahiri; Nur Afiqah Mahadhir; Nuruljannah Khairul Anuar; Nur Nadhirah Husna Kamarul Sham; Mohamad Zulhusni Rosmi; Che Ghani Che Kob

Authors

Nur Ashraf Mohklis Jahiri Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, 35900, Malaysia
Nur Afiqah Mahadhir Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, 35900, Malaysia
Nuruljannah Khairul Anuar Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, 35900, Malaysia
Nur Nadhirah Husna Kamarul Sham Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, 35900, Malaysia
Mohamad Zulhusni Rosmi Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, 35900, Malaysia
Che Ghani Che Kob Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, 35900, Malaysia

Keywords:

AI chatbot, university learning, systematic review, higher education

Abstract

This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) evaluates the effectiveness of AI chatbots as learning assistants in universities, with a focus on enhancing student engagement, academic performance, and implementation challenges. Using the PRISMA protocol, the study analyzes 20 empirical studies published between 2020 and 2025 from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. The findings indicate that AI chatbots generally enhance student engagement and conceptual understanding, with improvements in academic scores particularly evident in interactive courses. However, several challenges are frequently reported, including the accuracy of AI responses, data privacy concerns, and technological accessibility. The study concludes that AI chatbots serve as supportive pedagogical tools rather than full replacements for human instruction. Recommendations include careful evaluation of effectiveness and further research on long-term impacts.