Sel Suria Organik untuk Peranti Internet Benda (IoT) dalam Persekitaran Dalaman

Organic Solar Cells for Internet of Things (IoT) Devices in Indoor Environments

Abstract

Perkembangan pesat teknologi Internet Benda (Internet of Things, IoT) telah meningkatkan keperluan kepada sumber tenaga berskala kecil yang stabil, cekap dan mampan untuk menyokong operasi peranti elektronik berkuasa rendah. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan peranti IoT masa kini masih bergantung kepada bateri konvensional yang mempunyai jangka hayat terhad serta memerlukan penyelenggaraan dan penggantian yang kerap. Oleh itu, teknologi penjanaan tenaga alternatif seperti sel suria organik untuk pencahayaan dalaman telah muncul sebagai penyelesaian yang berpotensi bagi sistem elektronik berkuasa rendah. Berbanding teknologi fotovoltaik konvensional, sel suria organik menawarkan kelebihan seperti, fleksibiliti mekanikal, kurang toksik, kos pembuatan rendah, kebolehsuaian spektrum serapan, serta kesesuaian untuk proses fabrikasi berskala besar menggunakan teknik larutan. Kajian terkini menunjukkan bahawa kecekapan penukaran tenaga bagi sel suria organik dalaman telah meningkat secara signifikan sehingga melebihi 30% di bawah pencahayaan LED dalaman. Walaupun begitu, beberapa cabaran masih wujud termasuk kestabilan jangka panjang, kehilangan tenaga, dan pengoptimuman struktur peranti untuk pencahayaan intensiti rendah. Artikel ulasan ini membincangkan prinsip asas sel suria organik, ciri-ciri pencahayaan dalaman, kemajuan terkini dalam pembangunan bahan aktif dan kejuruteraan peranti, aplikasi sel suria organik untuk sistem IoT, serta cabaran dan prospek masa hadapan teknologi ini.

The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has increased the need for stable, efficient, and sustainable small-scale power sources to support the operation of low-power electronic devices. However, most current IoT devices still rely on conventional batteries that have limited lifespans and require frequent maintenance and replacement. Therefore, alternative power generation technologies such as organic solar cells for indoor lighting have emerged as potential solutions for low-power electronic systems. Compared with conventional photovoltaic technologies, organic solar cells offer advantages such as mechanical flexibility, low toxicity, low manufacturing cost, tunability of absorption spectra, and suitability for large-scale fabrication processes using solution techniques. Recent studies have shown that the energy conversion efficiency of indoor organic solar cells has been significantly improved to over 30% under indoor LED illumination. However, several challenges still exist including long-term stability, energy loss, and optimization of device structures for low-intensity lighting. This review article discusses the basic principles of organic solar cells, indoor lighting characteristics, recent advances in active material development and device engineering, organic solar cell applications for IoT systems, and future challenges and prospects of this technology.