Conceptualizing The Pull Factors Attracting Foreign Workers In Malaysia’s Fisheries Sector

Abstract

The fisheries sector in Malaysia plays a crucial role in national food security and economic development but has become increasingly dependent on foreign workers due to declining local participation. This paper aims to conceptualize the pull factors that attract foreign workers to Malaysia’s fisheries sector, addressing a gap in existing literature that has largely focused on push factors from migrants’ home countries. Drawing on an extensive review of previous studies, reports, and policy documents, this conceptual paper identifies and classifies the main pull factors into four key dimensions: economic, employment and institutional, social and cultural, and the last is geographical and environmental factors. The findings suggest that higher relative wages, continuous demand for low-skilled labor, and the perception of income stability serve as strong economic incentives. These are reinforced by institutional elements such as recruitment mechanisms, work permits, and bilateral agreements, which create a structured and secure environment for foreign employment. Social and cultural networks, including family ties and shared cultural affinities, further facilitate migration and settlement, while geographical proximity and environmental similarities make Malaysia an accessible and attractive destination for fisheries work. The conceptual framework developed in this study highlights that migration decisions are not solely motivated by economic opportunities but are shaped by an interrelated system of social, institutional, and environmental factors that sustain labor flows into the industry. Understanding these pull factors provides valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders in formulating comprehensive strategies to manage foreign labor dependency and promote sustainable development within Malaysia’s fisheries sector.