Development of a Self-Propelling Motor Model Based on the Principle of Electromagnetic Induction as a Teaching Aid for the Invention Subject

Abstract

This study aims to develop and evaluate the validity of a teaching aid, the "Self-Propelling Motor" kit, which is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The development of this kit was initiated to address a significant challenge in STEM education, specifically in the Form 5 Invention (Reka Cipta) subject, where students have difficulty visualizing abstract physics concepts such as Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule and the Lorentz Force. This lack of visual reference often results in memorization without genuine understanding. The study employed the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, and Evaluation) instructional design model. The Implementation phase was excluded, as the research scope focused specifically on expert validity evaluation. A qualitative approach was utilized, involving purposive sampling of three Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) with extensive experience in Physics, Engineering, and Invention education. Data were collected through live product demonstrations, semi-structured interviews, and observation checklists, followed by an inductive thematic analysis. The findings demonstrate that the developed kit possesses high content validity; it accurately complies with scientific principles and aligns perfectly with the Standard Curriculum and Assessment Document (DSKP) requirements. The experts confirmed that the "open concept" kit is safe, practical, and highly effective in bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and visual application. To further enhance the educational value and support self-directed learning, the experts suggested integrating QR codes linked to digital notes and adding directional arrow stickers to visualize current flow.