Techno-Economic Design of an On-Grid Solar-Powered Greenhouse for Highland Vegetable Farming Using HOMER Pro

Abstract

The dependence of Indonesia's electricity system on fossil fuels, particularly coal, remains a challenge in achieving a sustainable energy system. The use of coal for electricity generation produces carbon emissions and various pollutants, making the increased utilization of renewable energy an important approach to supporting the energy transition and reducing emissions. One renewable energy source with significant potential is solar energy, which can be directly utilized in the agricultural sector that requires electricity to support greenhouse operations. This study aims to design and analyze the techno-economic feasibility of an on-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) power system to support paprika cultivation using HOMER Pro. The analysis focuses on energy cost efficiency and the potential for carbon emission reduction through the integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems with the electricity grid. The simulation results indicate that the optimum configuration consists of a 0.345 kW PV system, a 1 kW converter, one 51.2 V Li.ONESS battery system, and grid connection, with a Net Present Cost (NPC) of IDR 11,319,780 and a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of IDR 351.71/kWh. The system produces 2,513 kWh/year, consisting of 538 kWh/year from PV and 1,975 kWh/year from the grid. Annual CO₂ emissions decrease from 1,571 kg/year to 1,248 kg/year, corresponding to a reduction of approximately 20.6%. These results indicate that the implementation of an on-grid PV system can reduce grid electricity consumption while supporting greenhouse energy needs and reducing carbon emissions.